Majoring in Applied Math

In an annual CareerCast.com survey of the best and worst occupations in the U.S., mathematicians often land in the top few spots.  With an average annual income of about $95,000, enviable working conditions, and considerable autonomy, math majors don’t only rank high, but math-related careers occupy over a third of the top 20 careers. If math has been one of your favorite classes in high school and you love to solve problems, especially those with only one “right” answer, you might want to consider a major in math.  Don’t see yourself as a mathematician?  Look instead to a study of applied mathematics.

Applied mathematics is the study of the mathematical methods and modeling that are typically used in professions as varied as science, engineering, business, and industry.  In this branch of mathematics, mathematicians work on practical problems rather than developing math theory.  Although applied math majors spend much of their time studying pure math, they do so with an eye to using the skills they develop to prepare for a particular career or purpose.  As an applied math major, you’ll take courses such as calculus, differential equations, linear algebra and discrete mathematics, but you’ll combine these studies with your career interests.  For example, you might apply mathematical principles to problems studied in physics, computer science, statistics, systems design, engineering, probability theory, or computer programming.

What kinds of career paths are open to students who major in applied mathematics?  Although many professions use math in their daily work, there are a host of careers for which a strong background in mathematics is a necessary prerequisite for success.  According to the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), mathematicians and computational scientists may work in a variety of vastly different career areas.

A bachelor’s degree in applied math will prepare you for jobs in statistics, actuarial sciences, mathematical modeling, cryptography, and math education.  You’ll apply your knowledge of mathematical principles to solve real-world problems.  For example, mathematical modeling is used to make predictions based on statistical evidence.  This can be applied in physiology to determine what will occur as blood pressure increases, in medicine to track outbreaks of epidemics, or in engineering to determine how quickly heat can be dissipated.  Financial institutions such as banks, investment companies and hedge funds use mathematical modeling to explain and predict the behavior of financial markets. 

Actuarial science takes math and statistics and applies these subjects to the finance and insurance industries.  Actuaries rank among the top few careers in the U.S. for both job satisfaction and salaries.

Cryptography deals with the practice of hiding information.  Once used to aid spies during wartime, cryptographers might now focus on protecting the security of credit cards and ATM machines.

Computer animation and digital imaging combine diverse fields of study such as math, computer science, fine art, traditional animation, physics and biomechanics.  This knowledge can be applied to a variety of areas such as medical diagnostics, entertainment, and fine art.

Climatology uses simulations to understand the forces that control our climate.  These simulations utilize data from satellites, ocean buoys and other monitoring equipment, and create mathematical models to predict future events.

You’ll find more careers for applied math majors at SIAM’s website at www.siam.org.

 Careers for Applied Math Majors

ï Analyst

ï Actuary

ï Business analyst

ï Computer systems engineer

ï Cryptographer

ï Data analyst

ï Data engineer

ï Data scientist

ï Engineer

ï Finance analyst

ï Financial advisor

ï Management analyst

ï Market research analyst

ï Math teacher

ï Mathematical modeler

ï Meteorologist

ï Pricing analyst

ï Programmer

ï Risk analyst

ï Statistician

ï Trader

Early Decision and Early Action

Over 450 colleges offer Early Decision or Early Action application plans.  Some offer both.  Before deciding whether you should apply Early Decision or Early Action, it’s important to understand the differences between applying through either one of these plans and applying in the regular decision round. Here are answers to some of the most common questions families have about Early Decision and Early Action.

What is Early Decision (ED)? Early Decision is a binding admission decision plan. In exchange for receiving an earlier admission decision, students applying ED agree that, if they’re admitted, they’ll attend that college and withdraw all of their other college applications. Typically, Early Decision plans have deadlines in early November. Since ED is a binding agreement, students who’ve carefully and thoroughly researched their college options and decided with certainty that one particular school is their top choice are the best candidates for Early Decision.S ome colleges also have a second ED round (ED2) with deadlines falling in early January. For ED1, applicants will generally receive their decision before Christmas. In the second ED2 round, students will receive their decision a month to six weeks before regular decision candidates are notified.

Will applying ED make it easier to get in?  Sometimes. Early Decision isn’t a “miracle” for students whose grades and test scores are far below the students typically admitted to a college. If you wouldn’t be a strong applicant for a particular college during the regular admission round, then it’s unlikely that you’ll be admitted simply because you apply under ED. However, when a student’s grades and test scores put the student within the typical ranges for admitted students at a college, they can often have a better chance of admission during the ED round. Keep In mind, however, that ED acceptance rates vary greatly from college to college, and the early applicant pool is often extremely well qualified. At the most competitive colleges, the acceptance rates for ED applicants are still very low.  Therefore, the decision to apply Early Decision shouldn’t be made just for a hoped-for admission advantage; apply early decision if you have decided that the school is your top choice college and you would like to receive your admission decision as soon as possible. While awaiting a decision, you need to keep working on the rest of your Regular Decision applications.

How will applying Early Decision affect financial aid? If you’re admitted during Early Decision, you’ll typically receive the same financial aid package that you would have received if you’d applied in the regular admission cycle. However, one of the main disadvantages of applying Early Decision is that if you’re admitted in the ED round, you won’t be able to compare financial aid offers from other colleges.  You won’t, for instance, know whether you might have received a significant merit scholarship or fewer student loans elsewhere.  Because you’re giving up the right to compare financial aid and scholarship offers from other colleges by applying ED, it’s smart for families to use the Net Price Calculators on different college websites to get estimates of how financial aid may vary before making the ED choice.

What happens when I receive my ED admission decision? When you apply ED, you’ll receive one of three decisions: Admit, deny, or deferred. If you’re admitted, you must immediately withdraw all applications to other colleges, and send in an enrollment deposit to the ED college. If you’re denied, you can’t reapply to the college in the regular decision round. If you’re deferred, the college will take a second look at your application during the Regular Decision round.

What is Early Action (EA)?  Like Early Decision, Early Action allows students to apply and receive an admission decision earlier in senior year.  EA, however, is not binding. If you’re admitted in the EA round, you can still apply to other colleges and will have until May 1 to make your final decision. The most common EA deadlines fall in November and December, although a few schools have slightly later EA deadlines. EA applicants typically receive their admission decision six to eight weeks after the EA deadline.

Will I have better chances of being admitted if I apply Early Action? It depends.  At some colleges, there’s not much difference in the admission rates between students who apply EA and those who apply in the regular decision round.  At many EA colleges, however, the percentage admitted in the EA round is higher than in the regular decision round. If you would be a solid candidate in the regular decision round, and are able to prepare a strong application by the EA deadline, your chances may improve by applying EA. However, students who need more time to bring up their grades or test scores, or to finish their applications, may find that they’ll have a better chance of admission by waiting to apply in the regular decision round.

How does applying Early Action affect financial aid?  Students will typically receive the same need-based financial aid package when they apply Early Action that they would if they applied during the regular admission cycle.  And your family will be able to compare financial aid offers from other colleges that admit you, before you make your final decision about where to attend.

Can a student apply to different colleges using both ED and EA?  You may apply ED to only one college at a time.  If you apply to a college in the ED 1 round and are denied or deferred, you may apply in the ED2 round at another college.  A student applying ED can usually apply Early Action to other colleges.  However, some colleges have Early Action restrictions that prohibit students from applying under Early Decision or Early Action elsewhere.  Because each college has its own rules, the best bet is to carefully review each college’s instructions before applying.

Financial and Legal Issues for New College Students

There are a few legal and financial issues that should be addressed before your son or daughter goes off to college. If your child has turned or will turn 18 during the next year, she is legally an adult, and you, her parent, lose the legal authority to make decisions on her behalf.  That means that you have no legal right to see her grades, manage her finances (although you remain responsible for paying her college tuition), or make medical decisions or speak with her doctor.  So, before she goes off to college, consider asking her to sign some documents that will keep you informed.

·  FERPA release:  with your child’s permission, you can speak with the college about her performance.  Colleges often have their own FERPA  release forms, so ask your student’s college for a copy.

·  HIPAA Authorization:  allows you to access your child’s health records and speak to her doctors about medical issues.

·  Advance Care Directive for Health Care:  allows you to act on your adult child’s behalf in the event that she is incapacitated and unable to make decisions for herself.  

·  Durable Power of Attorney:  allows you to act on your adult child’s behalf regarding legal or financial matters.  

You can get the previous three forms from your family lawyer.  Each of these forms can be revoked at any time, but having them in place while your child is away at college may provide the whole family with extra peace of mind.

This is also a good time to address money management issues.

·  Set up a bank account that will allow you to easily transfer money to her account.  Find out which banks have ATMs close to campus—college kids don’t often write checks.  Be sure to check on fees for using an ATM that’s not part of your bank’s network.  

·  Make plans to protect student property.  College kids tend to have a lot of valuable electronics and computer equipment.  Renter’s insurance can protect your investment if these items were to disappear.  Your homeowner’s policy might also cover dorm room possessions—check with your agent.  

·  Health insurance:  check out options provided by the college and compare these policies with your existing family medical coverage.  

·  Car insurance:  check with your agent.  If your child will not have a car at college, you may be eligible for a discount on your auto rate.

·  Discuss credit card dangers:  college students are besieged with credit card offers—discuss how the misuse of credit cards can affect their ability to get credit in the future.  Look into debit card options or provide your offspring with a card in your name that can be monitored.

Brainstorming your College Essay

Summer is a great time to ponder deep thoughts, and as the school year winds down, rising seniors should be pondering their college essays. 

The essay is a student’s best opportunity to set themselves apart in the college application. Their grades through junior year are set and while they may be able to improve their test scores in the fall, it’s the essay where they can truly put the spotlight on their personality. 

Remember, there are more than 35,000 other student government presidents, nearly 35,000 other school newspaper editors and thousands more members of the National Honor Society. The essay can be the ticket out of “Sameville.” No question, summer is the best time to start thinking about and drafting your essays. 

Where to start?  Brainstorming a compelling topic is much more challenging than just sitting down and writing an essay; in fact, it is a much more rewarding process. It is tough work because it requires self-analysis and a willingness to dig deep to provide the college admission reader with thoughtful, introspective writing. 

How do you brainstorm?  First, find a quiet place where you can think and write, away from distractions. To start, free-write some thoughts on different or defining moments you’ve had. Have you worked with someone who has had an impact on your life? This could be an extracurricular, academic, or athletic activity. What are the descriptors or the “defining characteristics that you or someone who knows you really well would use to describe you? Are you passionate about something? Do you have any quirky hobbies? Did you choose to become vegan? How have you changed in the last few years? Which experiences have been the most meaningful? And especially, how have you grown and changed during this pandemic year? Ask yourself, “What do I want colleges to know about me?” This is a great time to think about what is important to you and how you have matured over the last several years. 

Once you have written some thoughts, take a look at the essay prompts for the Common App and the Coalition Application.  These are intentionally vague, providing you with opportunities to use your brainstormed topics to fit one or more of the prompts.

At Journey Ahead, we use a software that assists students with brainstorming and keeping their essays organized.

Takeaways from Covid Admissions

Everyone involved in the college admission world would probably agree that the 2021 admission cycle was unlike any other.  At a recent gathering of educational consultants, we compiled a list of take-aways that will likely be important for the next few years.  Current juniors should keep these take-aways in mind while finalizing their own college lists.

1. Completely unpredictable—we all saw admission decisions that were unexpected. Students with exceptional credentials were turned away or waitlisted. Few students with lesser credentials were accepted at highly selective colleges.  This points to the fact that every student needs to have a balanced list of colleges. 

A balanced list consists of colleges that fit realistically into the student’s academic success and personal interest profile.  Some (2-3) can be more selective (reach) schools, but avoid unrealistic schools that will very likely disappoint over 90% of their very strong applicant pool. Denials from such institutions can be very hard for students to understand and accept. Most colleges on your list should be ‘possible’ schools, where your grades, scores and interests really ‘fit,’ and where you can thrive and be happy.  Be sure to also include a significant number of ‘likely’ institutions, whose acceptances will boost your confidence, and may even offer the financial incentive of ‘merit’ aid. 

2. Balanced list—those 2021 high school graduates who had very balanced college lists had the greatest number of college options at the end of the process.  Every school on your list should be one you would be excited to attend.

3. Test optional/ test blind—with so many students applying without test scores (a  trend expected to continue for at least one more year), colleges were forced to put more emphasis on other parts of the application.  The test optional policies also led to a great increase in the number of applications to highly selective colleges. For example, applications to UCLA increased 25% to 160,000 applications.

4.Personal stories— as in other years, students who were most successful in the process tended to share highly personal stories in their personal statements.  Essays that featured stories about how the student made a difference in some way were particularly valued.  College admission officers looked with favor on evidence of character.

5. Falling acceptance rates at the most selective colleges.  With the great increase in applications, the acceptance rate at the most selective colleges reached new lows. Harvard accepted about 3% of applicants, while Columbia, Princeton and MIT limited their acceptances to about 4%. This again points to the need for a balanced list—among all colleges, the average acceptance rate is 57%.

6. Out-sized waitlists—most applicants to highly selective colleges are now sitting on one or more waitlists—dragging out the college selection process through June or later.  

Getting Teacher Recommendations in a Virtual World

Letters of recommendation from high school teachers are a very important part of a student’s college application. Colleges that require letters of rec are looking to understand more about the student than their grades and activities. These letters address not just what you have accomplished, but who you are as a person and a student. 

Your counselor will tell you which of the colleges on your list require letters of recommendation. A good rule of thumb is to request them from two teachers: a humanities teacher, and a STEM teacher.

These letters represent the part of your application that makes you “real,” helps you stand out, and adds insights into your academic strengths and learning style. Recommendations provide an opportunity for someone to consider what you are like in the classroom. In order to provide your recommenders with more ways of getting to know you in the virtual classroom, here are some things to do now:

Turn on your camera when appropriate. Let your teacher recognize your face and get to know the person behind the voice.

Participate in the virtual classroom. Ask questions, interact and if there are online break-out groups, participate in a leadership role.

Let your teachers see that you are eager to engage and learn, however challenging the new environment feels.

Be respectful in the virtual classroom. Don’t engage in silly comments on the chat/conversation function.

Do more: ask the teacher for an after-class conversation about material that is challenging, offer to create an extracurricular club, ask for book or podcast recommendations to supplement the online materials.

COVID-19 has changed the typical manner by which students have historically obtained their all-important teacher recommendations. Many high school students have not sat in the classroom for most of 2020, and still now, in 2021, many are still not attending school in person.

In this case, your approach to gaining good recommendations must adapt. Your college counselor will provide you a “Brag Sheet” to fill out and give to your teacher recommenders. It provides good information to your teachers about things you have accomplished while outside the classroom and learning virtually, shed light on your career goals so your teachers can see your ambitions and why that matters, and tell them which colleges and majors you are applying to. 

You will need to submit your request for a recommendation by email so above all, be polite, use good grammar, spelling and punctuation, personalize each one and attach your Brag Sheet. We recommend that juniors reach out to teachers now and give them a heads-up that you hope they will be willing to write on your behalf.              

Majoring in Biology

If you are fascinated by the nature of living things, enjoy conducting experiments, and like math and science, a major in biology may be right for you. As a biology major, you will study the beginnings of both plant and animal life forms and analyze their structures, functions, and traits. The study of biology has many areas of specialization, allowing students multiple career paths in a wide variety of fields after completing the major.

The biology major consists of both lab-based and lecture-based courses. Students will typically spend the first two years forming a solid knowledge base in chemistry, biology, and calculus. They will often have to take multiple introductory level courses in topics such as ecology, evolution, biostatistics, genetics, biochemistry, and human anatomy and physiology. At a large university, these classes will typically have hundreds of students.

There will be a strong hands-on component to the major. Students will be required to conduct both individual and group research and lab projects throughout the course of the major. This will give them hands-on experience designing, conducting, analyzing and communicating the results of experiments. They will learn necessary collaboration skills as well as hone their abilities to accurately collect data, take detailed notes, analyze results, and participate in the scientific field.

As students progress, they will focus their courses under a concentration. Concentrations may include biotechnology, microbiology, bioinformatics, or molecular biology. Concentrations offered vary depending on the college program. 

Biology majors have many choices upon graduation. They may choose to continue their studies and obtain a graduate degree. This would be necessary for the student who wishes to become a professor or specialize in a field such as epidemiology. 

Students who wish to become doctors, pediatricians, veterinarians, or some other professional in the medical field will need to attend a post-graduate program. Biology is a common preparatory major for medical school as it provides students with a strong knowledge base and many skills required in the field. 

With further study, biology majors may become pharmacists, dentists, optometrists, physical therapists, or assistants or researchers in any of these fields.

Students may also choose to become high school or middle school educators, teaching biology or marine biology. If majors want to educate the public but do not want to work as a teacher in schools, they may choose to become health educators or community health workers. 

For graduates who are skilled in writing, there is demand for science journalists either at science magazines, newspapers, and journals or in the science section of general news. 

Students interested in the environment may find jobs as forest rangers, zoo workers or botanists. They may become environmental scientists or researchers focused on the environment. They may also find jobs at nonprofit organizations or in government agencies interested in environmental protection and management. 

Those who are enjoy lab work may become biological technicians, who aid in laboratory research in universities and research organizations. 

Others who enjoy designing products may enter the field of biotechnology. Biotechnologists design and improve existing technology in a vast array of fields. In medicine, they may design new medicinal treatments such as protein drugs. They may also work in agriculture to improve the production, quality, or preservation of various agricultural commodities, or in cosmetics designing new makeup or skincare products.

Finally, if students are interested in law, they can apply their major in a few different ways. They may become medical malpractice lawyers, using their understanding to determine whether doctors have acted ethically. They may also become lawyers fighting for or against environmental policies, using their knowledge of ecosystems.

Career paths for biology majors:

· Biologist

· Biomedical engineer

· Botanist

· Community health worker

· Dentist

· Epidemiologist

· Environmental conservationist / activist

· Genetic counselor

· High school science teacher

· Hydrologist

· Marine biologist

· Medical manager

· Medical researcher

· Microbiologist

· Nurse

· Pharmacologist

· Physician

· Physician assistant

· Quality control inspector

· Science writer

· Researcher

· Veterinarian

· Zoologist

Wallowing on the Waitlist

Adding to all the trials of the COVID-19 experience, colleges this year are expected to offer a record-number of waitlist spots to prospective applicants. While it has always been difficult for colleges to accurately estimate yield (number of students who accept an offer of admission), the number of applicants who have not visited campuses and other COVID-related issues is expected to result in huge waitlists.  And so, most applicants can expect to be offered one or more waitlist opportunities. You weren’t rejected, but you weren’t accepted either. The waitlist means the college likes you well enough, but they just don’t love you enough to accept you at this time, or they are just not sure of how many spaces they will have filled. 

They want to keep you hanging on until they find out if they’re loved back by the students they did choose to accept.  Now the ball is in your court—let’s consider your options:

1. Hopefully you received an acceptance from another college that you like even better. Easy decision – inform the college that waitlisted you that you’re no longer interested and have made other plans.

2. You were waitlisted by your first-choice school, and you’d sell your youngest sibling to go there. Easy decision – you make a deposit at one of the colleges where you were accepted and let your dream school  know that you’d very much love to remain on their waitlist.  Follow this up in any way they will allow. some colleges permit you to submit updates, others don’t.  Check the rules and follow them.

3. You can’t decide. Tough decision – you want to be done with this “college stuff” and know where you’re going next fall. But you’d really love to go to one or more of the colleges where you were waitlisted. You still need to make a deposit at one college where you were already accepted before May 1. You can choose to remain on one or more colleges’ waitlists.

Choosing to remove yourself or stay on a waitlist seems to be more of a psychological decision than a statistical decision. The waitlist conversion to acceptance numbers, particularly at the most selective colleges and universities, aren’t very encouraging.  Last year, Northwestern University only accepted 2.2% of students from the waitlist, while UC Berkeley accepted 27%.  Unfortunately, the past year’s statistics do not predict those of the current year.

Waitlisted students are not generally ranked.  Colleges use them to fill needed spots in their class— to make sure they have enough classics majors or journalists or oboe players, as well as full-pay students.

Students and families need to evaluate the impact of waitlist stress on the student at this point in the process. Some carefree students just want to find out and approach the decision in a matter-of-fact easy-going manner: “If I get in, great, if I don’t, that’s fine, too.”

But too many other students have already had their hearts broken once, or even twice, if they were first deferred and then waitlisted. Unfortunately, many students take college rejections and waitlists too personally and beat themselves up over it, sadly thinking they have disappointed their parents, or that this rejection defines who they are. It doesn’t. For many of these students, closure is a good thing.  Decide between the colleges that offered you a place and get excited about the new adventures that lie ahead.